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Sales Tax

Sales Taxes: States with South Dakota–Style Economic Nexus Laws

 

By Scott Peterson, Avalara’s Vice President of U.S. Tax Policy and Government Relations

In the case of South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. (decided on June 21, 2018), the Supreme Court of the United States overturned the rule that a state cannot tax a business unless it has a physical presence in the state. The court found the defendants’ “economic and virtual” connections to South Dakota to be sufficient grounds for nexus, the connection with a state that triggers a tax collection obligation.

This expansion of state taxing authority could have far-reaching consequences. More than a dozen states had already adopted economic nexus provisions prior to the June 21 ruling, though most didn’t actively enforce them due to the physical presence rule. Many states linked the effective date of their policies to the South Dakota v. Wayfair ruling, or to possible future action by Congress.

Each of the following states is or soon will enforce its economic nexus laws, as shown in the chart below.

States with South Dakota-style economic nexus 

States with economic nexus

Effective date

Thresholds triggering a collection obligation ($ and/or transaction volume)

Alabama

Will be applied proactively for sales made on or after 10.1.2018; statutory start date was 1.1.2016

More than $250,000

and

additional activities

Connecticut

12.1.2018

At least $250,000

and

200 or more retail sales

and

systematic solicitation of sales in the state via the internet or other means

Georgia

1.1.2019

More than $250,000                                   

or                                                                  

200 or more retail sales

Hawaii

7.1.2018

 

 

At least $100,000                                         

or                                                                  

200 or more separate transactions

Illinois

10.1.2018

At least $100,000

or

200 or more separate sales

Indiana

7.1.2017

Under an injunction

More than $100,000

or

200 or more separate transactions

Iowa

1.1.2019

At least $100,000

or

200 or more separate transactions

Kentucky

7.1.2018

More than $100,000

or

200 or more separate transactions

Louisiana

Start date to be determined

More than $100,000

or

200 or more separate transactions

Maine

10.1.2017

More than $100,000

or

200 or more separate transactions

Minnesota

Start date to be determined

 

Makes 10 or more retail sales totaling more than $100,000

or

100 or more retail sales

and

systematic solicitation of sales in the state

Mississippi

12.1.2017

More than $250,000

and

systematic exploitation of the market in the state

North Dakota

10.1.2018

 

More than $100,000

or

200 or more separate transactions

South Dakota

5.1.2016 (under an injunction until further notice)

 

More than $100,000

or

200 or more separate transactions

Tennessee

7.1.2017 (under an injunction until further notice)

More than $500,000

and

systematic solicitation of sales in the state

Vermont

 7.1.2018

At least $100,000  

or

200 or more individual sales transactions

and

systematic solicitation of sales from in-state customers

Washington

7.1.2017 (for B&O tax only)

 

 

More than $267,000 of yearly gross receipts sourced or attributed to WA in 2017, $285,000 in 2018                         

or

at least 25% of total yearly gross receipts sourced or attributed to WA

Wisconsin

10.1.2018

More than $100,000

or

200 or more separate transactions

Wyoming

7.1.2017 (under an injunction until further notice)

 

 

More than $100,000

or

200 or more separate transactions

South Dakota v. Wayfair doesn’t give states carte blanche

While the ruling does allow states to tax businesses based on economic and virtual connections, it doesn’t necessarily give them carte blanche.

The Supreme Court found that “South Dakota’s tax system includes several features that appear designed to prevent discrimination against or undue burdens upon interstate commerce.” These are:

  1. South Dakota affords small merchants “a reasonable degree of protection” from taxation. Remote vendors must have more than $100,000 in gross revenue from South Dakota sales, or 200 or more separate transactions of the same in the current or previous calendar year to trigger a tax collection obligation.
  2. The law ensures no obligation to remit the sales tax may be applied retroactively.
  3. South Dakota is a member of the Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement, which reduces administrative and compliance costs by requiring a single, state level tax administration, uniform definitions of products and services, simplified tax rate structures, and more. It also provides sellers access to sales tax administration software paid for by the state, and sellers that use such software are immune from audit liability.

States with remote sales tax policies at odds with any of the above could be vulnerable to legal challenges should they try to enforce them. But states with South Dakota–style economic nexus laws are well positioned.

It will take time for the full implications of the South Dakota v. Wayfair ruling to be felt. In addition, Congress could get involved; a bill that would prevent states from taxing most remote sales has already been introduced. Furthermore, measures that would expand state tax authority (e.g., the Remote Transactions Parity Act and the Marketplace Fairness Act) have long been on the table but held in committee.

In the meantime, businesses that sell in multiple states should track changing state nexus laws and develop a plan to ensure compliance. Find helpful resources here

More questions? Read our full FAQ (download PDF)

 

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Scott Peterson is Avalara’s Vice President of U.S. Tax Policy and Government Relations. Prior to Avalara, he was the first Executive Director of the Streamlined Sales Tax Governing Board – an organization devoted to making sales tax simpler and more uniform for the benefit of business. Scott also spent 10 years as the Director of the South Dakota Sales Tax Division and 12 years providing research and legal writing for the South Dakota legislature.